The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Gender-based violence is a key factor . Young A. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. I saw it happen as a child. 4. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. 1983;17(16):120511. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. A world survey. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. FOIA Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. Theories of Disease causation This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. Gordis, L. (2014). TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. Google Scholar. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. government site. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. We will also share examples on. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Principal Scientist & Act. Article Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. Am Anthropol. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. Germs cause disease. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Qualitative content analysis was used. Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. PubMed Correspondence to We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Article In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. J Genet Couns. Federal Ministry of Health. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Google Scholar. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). Keywords. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. 125"128. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Terms and Conditions, Epub 2022 Apr 6. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. Google Scholar. and Diagnosis In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. 2023 The Biology Notes. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. Social change theory was used in this paper. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural Soc Sci Med. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. 4. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. 2010;20:84558. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Park, K. (n.d.). Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Bull World Health Organ. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Most of the participants were married. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. PMC We've encountered a problem, please try again. 8600 Rockville Pike Int J Environ Res Public Health. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. Promot Educ Suppl. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. American journal of public health. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group.

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