Media Policy Where were really going to get the answers the gold standards of answers is when we go back to the moon, Kring said. Meteor Crater is 1.2km wide and 175m deep. and more. The monument contains 55 cones with lava flows and 14 fissures, many of which have spatter cones. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . It has a summit caldera some 80 km wide. Mafic compositions are poor in silica, but rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg). XX=S;K]3:V-j ,bxHeM?qaZ] R*Jf]x-Tfymoy{!TX&THH9C]NXg 20. However, there are exceptions. This image shows the variations in the gravity field near the buried impact crater. Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. What geologic process do you think formed Reuyl (labeled B)? Explain your answer. a depression formed by an impact (as of a meteorite). Details from the Ascraeus channel (red), meandering across the surface of Mars. Therefore, a simplified system is used based on texture and composition. Name _____ COSMORPHOLOGY - May 2009 Geologic landforms Purpose: By studying aerial photographs you will learn to identify different kinds of geologic features based on their different morphologies and learn the processes involved in their formation. )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt
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If the crater turns out to be gravity-dominated, this lends evidence to the theory that the comet's nucleus consists of porous, pristine, unprocessed material, and that the comet formed . Which of the four geologic processes might be responsible for the formation of Ius Chasma? Oblong craters can be created by impacts striking the surface at a very low angle. Gneissic banding is the easiest of the foliations to recognize. Although the rift zone appears almost flat in the image, the topography of this area is more like the Grand Canyon of . Mercury has lots of craters, yet Venus has very few craters, due to its dense atmosphere (containing lots of 'heavy' gases), meaning that many meteorites burn up due to friction in the . eige6 The compression stage of crater formation involves that initial exchange of energy between the projectile and the impact area. Fig. 245 pp, Oxford Univ. 8 0 obj
Essentially, the Moon's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are still visible. The model crater developed a nice central peak as well as terraced margins. d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? Peak ring crater Rachmaninoff on Mercury. : Impact cratering. 3. in Reuyl crater located along the dichotomy boundary (west of Apollinaris Mons ). The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. <>
At that time, however, the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics was not yet understood. Both craters are roughly 300 or so meters across; you could walk briskly across them in a couple of minutes. : Cf Cf @U ' 8 L D # 8 ^ r ( u u u # # # # # # # $ $ r' -# u u -# B# u" u" u" # u" # u" u" w" " pW 0 {" " X# 0 # " ( ( " ( " l u Z @ u" 4 C l u u u -# -# ! A bowl-shaped simple crater (Wolfe Creek, Australia, 900 m diameter). Fig. Based on your observations, what is the probable order of occurrence of A, B, C, and D in Figure 5 (i.e., which came first, second, third, last)? So far we have considered the impact of a solid object like a stony or iron meteorite. 19. What are some of Earth's famous impact craters? Quartz has a hardness of 7 and is very difficult to scratch, even with a good quality knife blade. Fig. However, impacts still occur across our solar system, but at a reduced rate. Craters come in two flavors: those that arent caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. These temperatures are enough to more or less completely vaporize the impactor and a volume of the target rocks roughly comparable to the volume of the impactor, resulting in a giant expanding impact vapor plume. A mystery concerning water on Mars is "Where did it go?" As a result, there are only around 160 known impact craters in existence today (though there are surely more that havent been discovered). Explain how you can tell. Essentially, the minerals are randomly oriented. The legend is shown at the bottom with different units or features present within the crater. Google Earth image. Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. 13 0 obj
This image shows a simple crater on Mars that has no central peak or terraces around its edges. Metaconglomerate is composed of pebbles and gravel that have been flattened due to directed pressure. Therefore, crisp craters with upraised rims and steep sides are young, while less distinct and eroded craters with partial rims are probably older. Small craters often are simple bowl-shaped depressions. 10. 2. Fig. Large impact basins are also found on other planets, including Mars and Mercury. Using the following picture
draw a box around the area that is shown in Figure 2. Coal is usually obvious to most students even though few people seem to have ever actually examined it up close. The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. In the upper part, the flow field enables the rock masses to escape as ejecta from the growing excavation cavity. Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals that are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals. (Hint: the region slopes to the north.) Here is a look at the violent, battered past of the . Reuyl, an early Hesperian crater, provides evidence for diverse fluvial events; Alluvial fans, channels, orthogonally superposed deposits, fan deposits with incised channels, and large deposits suggest fluvial activity; Two sinuous ridges associated with the alluvial fan on the crater floor are the oldest features of fluvial origin What happens if a comet or a very low-density, loosely bound asteroid (like Mathilde asteroid, Fig. Justify your answer. Not commonly seen in most introductory lab samples.FractureBreakage of a mineral, not along planes of weakness in the crystral structure.Examine the mineral for areas where the mineral is broken. The crater is 2 kilometers (about 1 mile) wide. 12. Aphanitic texture is a fine grained texture but the crystals are too small to see. It is true meteorites crashing as stones from the sky at free-fall velocity may in fact produce small craters in the ground similar to mud and hailstone craters. Dunite has an ultramafic composition yet is apple green to yellowish green in color. 5. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. Justify your answer. Earth continues to be a target and contrary to popular opinion, the Moon does not act as a meteoroid deflector (it is too small and too distant!). The edges of these larger craters also may slump, creating terraces that step down into the crater. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. What influences the size and shape of a crater? Obsidian is volcanic glass which erupts as a lava flow. 5 0 obj
The keys to this definition are the chemical composition and the crystalline structure. Four minerals that need to be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite. Fig. It is colder inside some craters near the lunar poles than it is on the surface of Pluto (25K, or -415F). Roter Kamm Crater. A crater is a bowl-shaped depression, or hollowed-out area, produced by the impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion. Over the course of a few hundred million years, the planet began to cool and oceans of liquid water formed. by lava flows that obscured the older craters. Explain their similarities and their differences. This means that the minerals in the rock are all aligned with each other. Keep track of the craters you measured. Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1
Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. 11. The polar caps shrink during local summer and grow during local winter. For very large impact craters, the excavation and modification stages are not as discrete as previously written. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. stream
Valleys on western Chryse Planitia near Viking 1 site. The greater the mass of the impactor, the greater the size of crater. When we think about cratering, we usually think of big rocks falling onto a planet, but even tiny pebbles can make craters. Moreover, the polar caps contain some water ice. Geologic processes have not erased the craters with time. Thank you for your participation! Most obsidian is felsic in composition, yet typically it will have a very dark color (dark brown to black). 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. Fig. Nevertheless, the resulting impact crater is more or less circular unless the angle of incidence is very low, less than 10. 8. Source: https://news.discovery.com/earth/how-are-craters-formed.html, Center for Planetary Exploration (CPEx) Opens at Stony Brook University. Based on the number and morphology of craters, is this a relatively old or young region of Mars? The texture of an igneous rock does not refer to the roughness or smoothness of the surface. Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. 13) hits the earth? (Hint: remember that wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows.) Justify your answer. crater: [noun] the bowl-shaped depression around the orifice of a volcano. Kaali Crater Field. Coquina is composed almost entirely of shell or fossil fragments. Sometimes lots of particles strike at one time, creating meteor showers. Arid climate and a lack of vegetation in the vicinity of Meteor Crater make it an excellent comparison site for similar-sized impact craters on Mars, Ramsey said. The shock wave fractures the rock and excavates a large cavity (much larger than the impactor). The first reason is that Earth's surface is continuously changing because we live on a geologically active planet. Pretty much any tiny dent made on the Moon's surface is going to stay there. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>>
(a) Geomorphic map of Reuyl crater. Few, if any, crystals will be visible. Larger craters can have terraces, central peaks, and multiple rings. Which of the four geologic processes do you think formed this channel? More about the doublet crater. This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. Igneous Rock Identification ChartCOMPOSITION
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
TEXTURE\\\\\\\FelsicIntermediateMaficUltramaficPegmatiticGranite PegmatiteDiorite PegmatiteGabbro PegmatitePhaneriticGraniteDioriteGabbroDuniteAphaniticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltPorphyriticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltGlassyObsidianBasaltic GlassVesicularPumiceScoriaPyroclasticVolcanic Tuff
Composition of igneous rocks is properly identified by determination of the rocks chemical composition. largest craters on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto formed in an icy crust (Io's crust is dominated by silicates, see Chap ter 14). Typically bowl-shaped craters. Scientists record the size and number of impact craters and how eroded they are to determine the ages and histories of different planetary surfaces. Dunite is composed almost entirely of the mineral olivine which usually contains both iron and magnesium. endobj
Both are black in color, and is composed of carbon. }v)He|/7rw9>{W9qM~Zs.|9q7_9'o2p3kie V;\UXF}w1l`p!U,9#H{wx 0 ~
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