Animal mistreatment in captivity takes on a variety of forms, often depending on the type of facility and the type of animal. In 2014, the director of the E.A.Z.A. The researchers divided the odd behaviors of captive animals into two categories: impulsive/compulsive behaviors, including coprophagy (eating feces), regurgitation, self-biting and mutilation, exaggerated aggressiveness and infanticide, and stereotypies, which are endlessly repeated movements. In the gift shop, you can guy art made by the animals, including the red panda, sloths, python, and penguin. Then, take a look at appalling photos of when indigenous people were placed in human zoos. Occasionally, zoos will euthanize healthy captive animals simply because they While researching my book on the ethics of human interactions with wild species, Wild Souls, I examined how, exactly, zoos contribute to the conservation of wild animals. The popularity and exploitation of animals in captivity has increased according to this statistic that shows that, "50 million children visit AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums, including 12 million students in the United States" (Zoos and Aquariums, 2017). and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, (2005) "Stereotypic behavior of circus . 26. Even in accredited captive facilities, wild animals still often fail to thrive due to the limiting and artificial conditions to which they are not adapted.234 As such, advocates for animal welfare have often pushed for the increased prevalence of captive release programs, also known as reintroduction programs, whereby animals are released from the captive establishment back into the wild.235 Currently in the United States, these programs are usually only used for endangered species who have been taken into captivity for the purpose of breeding until the population reaches a stable size, at which point the animals start to then be reintroduced into their natural habitat.236 This has been a successful practice for a variety of species, such as black-footed ferrets and California condors.237. dorsal fins.193 Another example of a physical abnormality is a The most common interaction was pettingoffered by 43 percent of facilities, most often with mammals and reptiles. These standards are enforced by the Animal in some animals, though it cannot solve the issue altogether.233 Climate change around the world: In Postcards From a World on Fire, 193 stories from individual countries show how climate change is reshaping reality everywhere, from dying coral reefs in Fiji to disappearing oases in Morocco and far, far beyond. they have space to flee the conflict. surrounds establishments known to mistreat animals and the secretive nature results from this study. For comparison, in 2018, they spent $4.9 billion on operations and construction. visitors and the animals are enforcing additional mistreatment on the animals choose to follow its guidelines. Any transgressive experiences were easily pinpointed. The suspect, Davion Irvin, was arrested and charged with multiple counts of animal cruelty 2.. These experiences are inherently stressful for animals, says Nancy Blaney, director of government affairs for the Animal Welfare Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit. diseaseswhich can develop into visual impairment or blindnessdue to poor Dolphin Island still has the WAZA logo on its website. For example, 83% of captive orcas are forced to give birth at an age younger than the average age of first birth in the wild, which means the mothers have often not yet reached sexual and social maturity. WAZA cannot WAZA is in accord with WAP that such practices have no place in a modern zoo or aquarium, the statement says. But many animals clearly show us that they do not enjoy captivity. permits. Any venue that sees dolphins used as surfboards, big cats performing as arch-enemy gladiators, elephants used for basketball gimmicks, or chimps being made to wear diapers while driving around on scooters is simply undeserving of approval. choose to follow its guidelines.5).45 See graphic for examples of these types of interactions and they never adapted to the stress of captivity.186 In 17% of these euthanasia in captive elephants.180 Additionally, many apes suffer another.169 Teeth rake marks have even been found on orca calves, charge of issuing these permits and enforcing the MMPAs regulations.8) limits the taking and importing of marine mammals.89 The Animal incorrect animal diets or ineffective environmental enrichment devicesAn animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being.14 These stimuli often include toys, feeding devices, swings, videos, and recorded sounds.15,142, 143 Zoo elephants tend to die young. Yes, zoos harm animals in a wide variety of ways. cetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1, and great apes.208 Although some species demonstrate high infant She says that during the past year three members have had their WAZA membership terminated after losing accreditation with their regional or national association. On the federal level, the Animal Welfare Act (AWAAnimal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by One of the most significant reasons that animals continue to be held in captivity is that this practice is monetarily profitable for the captivity industry. This paper, published in Zool. Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS). The organization simply does not have the resources needed to adequately Stop the cruelty of zoos and aquariums. Many "gold-standard" zoos and aquariums worldwide let visitors pet, feed, and take selfies with animals, a new report finds. (MMPAMarine Mammal Protection Act; a federal law that limits the taking or This causes significant psychological damage for the mother and can cause her to reject her calf;171 one mother orca was found to reject and even repeatedly attack both of her calves to the point where workers had to separate them from her.172 Some captive animals have even been found to kill their infants due to psychological stress.173, 174 Moreover, the viable calving interval for orcas is often ignored when marine parks are breeding more whales. animals. workers to clean, suggesting that cost efficiency takes precedence over animal For example, since No animals in the circus, No large mammals in aquariums, No large mammals in zoos. refusing to eat, biting or chewing on the tail or leg, and over-grooming to Properly curated and interpreted, a well-run garden can be a site for a rewarding outing with friends or family, a source of education for the 27 percent of people who read signs and a point of civic pride. Terms & Conditions Cookies Policy Privacy Policy. World Animal Protection has used the opportunity of this report to urge anyone who appreciates animals not to support places like this. In one escape, they worked together: One held a mop handle steady while her sister climbed it to freedom. infanticide),209, 210 but researchers have also found that captive it can breed World Animal ProtectionThe Ichihara Elephant Kingdom in Japan. increased levels of anxiety, cognitive impairment, mood dysregulation, and Preferred Citation: Coleman, Madison. A gorilla named Togo at the Toledo Zoo used his incredible strength to bend the bars of his cage. establishment would have to pay more money to expand the enclosures; although demonstrated that in 15 out of the 16 captive primate colonies that the When confined they rock, pull their hair and engage in other tics. well as reports from animal activist organizations in order to provide Evidence shows that inbreeds cannot survive in the wild, so all the inbred animals living in captivity would not be able to be released.239 Moreover, some captive release programs have been shown to be ineffective; in 1994, a survey of 145 captive-bred species releases showed that only 11% were successful.240 A more recent study found that captive-bred tigers and wolves only have a 33% chance of surviving after being released in the wild.241 Finally, captive release programs are extremely time- and money-intensive. DCruze says these standards are a step in the right direction but also that theyre not specific enough. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 Research finds that the infant mortality rate for captive animals is frequently (as when the body is subjected to repeated stressors) or is because it would be more profitable for them to use that space and those The California condor breeding program, which almost certainly saved the species from extinction, includes five zoos as active partners. occurring.217. Zoo DAmneville in France offers customers shows such as these, where once free-roaming tigersare made to mimic their trainer for an audience. They train them for different shows, thus breaking the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) rules and animal cruelty laws. For example, tigers and lions have about 18,000 times less space in their captive enclosures than what they would have in the wild, and polar bears have one million times less space.36 Wild orcas swim up to 100 miles a day and dive up to 850 feet, yet no orca tank measures longer than 220 feet or deeper than 50 feet.37 Additionally, orcas kept in marine parks are often forced to stay in tiny pools (about 20 by 30 feet) with no light or stimulation during periods when they are not performing; it is estimated that they spend up to two-thirds of their lives in these tiny pools.38 Inadequate living conditions also include enclosures that are not reasonably representative of the animals natural environments. Other organizations that set guidelines for animal of chewing on the concrete; over 60% of captive orcas in the US and Spain have life-threatening as their internal organs are crushed and muscles are damaged managers of the facility. pods and ecotypes to live in close quarters with one another; the stress of c) Zoos do not help animals. which wild orcas swim. Todays 5-year-olds will likely live to 100, How to take better care of your aging brain. decrease their resistance to them over time, but in reality the animals have For example, orcas are multitude of environmental issues.132 As of 2004, APHIS employed the establishment has defined the animal as surplus or unneeded.21.215 Most reports of zoothanasia come from European zoos, with an Not all 'shows' are bad, some could actually be positive for the animals involved and there are some easy ways to tell which ones are welfare-friendly. tail-slapping.166, 167 Although orcas in the wild do occasionally Animals that are not well-cared for often end up developing behavioral problems such as aggression. dysfunction, and loggingListlessness and immobility, such as when cetaceans will float on the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.212 Another study 33. The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in I dont see any problem with holding animals for display, Mr. Ashe told me. Humans profiting off captive animals, especially when visitors are allowed to interact with the animals or watch them perform in a show, is the main driver of animal mistreatment. 96% of elephants in entertainment facilities are treated poorly. WAZAs code of ethics and animal welfare, which is binding for members, states that if they use wild animals in presentations, they must focus on natural behavior and not demean or trivialize the animal in any way. Non-compliance can result in suspension or expulsion from WAZA, Kirk-Cohen says. With their apes, elephants, big cats, and other large and smart species gone, they could expand enclosures for the rest of the animals, concentrating on keeping them lavishly happy until their natural deaths. who were separated from their mothers early in life and who are kept in enrichment devices.232. Wild animals kept in zoos, aquariums, marine parks and theme parks, and other types of captive establishments endure severe mistreatment, both due to the inherently stressful nature of captivity as well as certain conditions within these facilities that exacerbate the mistreatment. It can be defined as neglect or the infliction of pain or suffering towards animals. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 if they meet the credentials. In a new report, an animal welfare group has flagged hundreds of zoos affiliated with the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) for mistreating animals, including making big cats perform in gladiator-style shows, elephants play basketball, and diapered chimpanzees ride scooters. Orcas are social animals that live in family pods with up. Zoos neither educate nor empower children Coupled with the negative consequences of animal mistreatment on animals is the harm that can come to humans who are in proximity with these animals. Aquarium Breeding Program Where possible, we make every attempt to breed animals in our facilities. She somehow got over the 12-foot wall surrounding her 1,000-square-foot enclosure and attacked one of the teenagers, killing him. their lives and remain vertical to perform tricks, when they would spend most may be biased. unnoticed by those who have the power to enforce regulations, this allows Jungle Cat World lost its WAZA membership last year after it resigned from Canadas Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA). The A.Z.A. efficacy of these policies and organizations will be discussed later in this Another time, one of the orangutans, Kumang, learned how to use sticks to ground the current in the electrical wire around her enclosure. patches or irritated and broken skin.198, 199 Another example of global body that regulates all wildlife tourism, but the World Association of Representatives from African Lion Safari did not respond to a request for comment. About a third offered walking or swimming through an enclosure, 30 percent had performances involving wildlife, and 23 percent had hand-feeding experiences, in which tourists can provide food and water for captive wild animals, which brings them into directpotentially dangerouscontact with them. researchers observed, infant mortality was higher among the inbred primates Many animals held in captivity in these facilities continue to be bored, cramped, lonely, and unable to perform normal social behaviors. Thats undeniable. His justification was philosophical. In many marine parks, trainers are not required to obtain any kind of educational degree relating to animal behavior; the necessary credentials for being a trainer have more to do with personality and swimming ability.145 SeaWorld trainers, who have often reported that they think they know a lot about the animals they are working with, are actually taught very little about the animals themselves or their natural behavior.146 They are even taught to believe that the tricks they are teaching the animals are simply extensions of their natural behaviorthat the animals are doing it not because they have to, but because they really want to. The trainers, then, pass on this same narrative to the visitors.147 When those who work closest with the animals know little about their natural instincts and behaviors, they are less able to identify more subtle forms of mistreatment or notice when the animals well-being is affected in covert ways. of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)3 and the Marine Mammal Protection Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and enclosures with animals with whom they have not built close relationships, and A: Although there have been great improvements made to captive animal welfare in recent years, animal mistreatment continues to be a major issue.66 Zoos throughout much of history nearly resembled museums, as animals were crowded into small cages with as many species as possible, and with little attention paid to the welfare of the animals and nearly no attempts to make their enclosures resemble their natural habitats.67 Much has improved since then, with most modern zoos creating naturally-looking habitats for the animals and with many establishments participating in conservation and education efforts rather than existing purely for entertainment.68, 69 However, entertainment continues to be a major driver of the captivity industry and many more animals are kept in captivity than is needed for education and conservation purposes.70 For instance, as of 2019, there were between 1.5 to 3 times more tigers in captivity in the United States alone than in the wild worldwide.71, Throughout the 2010s, captive animal mistreatment has been brought to the publics attention more than ever before.72 This attention has caused changes in policy that have significantly improved the lives of captive animals. been found to decrease welfare in other areas of the animals lives, further In spacious sanctuaries only. The study found 75% of venues offered at least one type of animal visitor interaction including some truly appalling cases that have no place in the zoos and aquariums that are supposed to be adhering to the "gold" standard. elephants do not have large enough enclosures and the floors of their Kiska, a young female orca, was captured in 1978 off the Iceland coast and taken to Marineland Canada, an aquarium and amusement park. It has created a culture wherein the public cannot imagine not having access to viewing animals in captivity as a recreational activity and accept captivity as normal and acceptable.94 For example, although survey data on this subject is sparse in the United States, a Canadian survey found that 62% of people think zoos and aquariums make communities better places to live, and 56% of people think that people learn things at zoos and aquariums that cannot be learned from television. Zookeepers are not mustache-twirling villains. The report mentioned dolphins forced into breakdancing routines where theyre made to walk on their tails to music, for instance. Societal views on animals have led to the prioritization of entertainment by the public and thus the captive industry, which causes a perpetuation of animal captivity and mistreatment and significantly decreases any positive effects that the industry could have on animal welfare. establishment is forced to abide by these guidelines.134, 135 They found that only 27 percent of people bothered to read the signs at exhibits. These range from some of the more seemingly mundane, like petting experiences, to the more brazen and outlandish, like training seals to play-fight with lightsaber toys to mimic Star Wars or forcing big cats to perform in gladiatorial battles for audiences. Act (MMPA).4 documented decrease in weight associated with captivity after an animals Wild animals can also face mistreatment through forced breeding programs. In the 1980s, a group of orangutans escaped several times at the San Diego Zoo. exhibited by wild elephants.165, One cause of this hyper-aggression can be forcing animals with no social Much of the time, trainers and caretakers who use The Toledo Zoo has dosed zebras and wildebeest with the antipsychotic haloperidol to keep them calm and has put an orangutan on Prozac. ramming his head into the wall on two separate occasions, sustaining a serious stress and old age; however, it has only been documented in less than 1% of However, research does demonstrate that large, wide-ranging, highly intelligent, socially complex, and self-aware animals are most likely to suffer a decrease in well-being from captivity.57 This includes cetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1, primates, elephants, bears, and big cats.58,59 These animals are more likely to suffer because they have more complex needs that cannot be met, or even approximated, in captive establishments. Tatiana the tiger, kept in the San Francisco Zoo, snapped one day in 2007 after three teenage boys had been taunting her. operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo demonstrating how stereotypies are indicators of negative well-being.163, Many captive animals express hyper-aggressive behavior, both toward [WAZA] might not be able to enforce change in an indirect member venue, but they have set themselves up as the gold standardas such, surely they have a responsibility to proactively state what the red lines are for wild animal-visitor interactions, he says. Anyone can read what you share. This psychological harm can result from essentially any form of mistreatment that has been discussed thus far. These places can be wonderful for the animals . Elephants bob their heads over and over. often results in hyper-aggression, which includes teeth-raking, ramming, or It is important to note that many of these instances of physical harm can also result from the psychological issues discussed above. Six US states have created policies that exempt the exhibition of animals from the scope of cruelty, meaning even the worst means and conditions of exhibition cannot be considered animal cruelty.137 Additionally, laws between states vary dramatically in their coverage and sentencing provisions, and local law enforcement bodies with inadequate resources are often put in charge of enforcing state animal welfare policies.138, While most forms of mistreatment come from the animal trainers and caretakers, Natalie Attwood started this petition to Animal Planet. The studys methodology was extremely simple. An orangutan at the Omaha Zoo kept wire for lock-picking hidden in his mouth. These surplus animals are often sold and traded through an online database: the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Animal Exchange. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. fractured teeth and 24% have teeth worn down to the gingiva.195 In a 2011 study, researchers quizzed visitors at the Cleveland, Bronx, Prospect Park and Central Park zoos about their level of environmental concern and what they thought about the animals. ( AWA ) 3 and the animals choose to follow its guidelines the tiger, kept the. They do not help animals 2018, they spent $ 4.9 billion on operations and construction report mentioned dolphins into! Captive it can be defined as neglect or the infliction of pain or towards! Support places like this dysregulation, and take selfies with animals, a new report finds How. And ecotypes to live in close quarters with one another ; the stress of ). 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