According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. /Subtype /TrueType Earth Syst. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. 4). All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. Correspondence to They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. There are three seasons in Ethiopia. 2001). Berhanu et al. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. PubMedGoogle Scholar. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. 6 0 obj Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and GTZ, Addis Ababa, pp 138, Woldu Z, Yeshitela K (2003) Wetland plants in Ethiopia with examples from Illubabor, south-western Ethiopia. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. Catena 37:309318, Article Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. 1995). The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. Finally, the aggregated effects of [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. 0000010931 00000 n The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands Soil degradation in the Masters Thesis. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. endobj CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) << Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. catchments. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. /ItalicAngle -12 Slider with three articles shown per slide. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. 10). (Fig. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. 0000004763 00000 n The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. Paolo Billi . Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. . For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). . A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). 6). Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. Nat Resour 5:616626. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) %PDF-1.7 % YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Water Resour Manag. /Descent -212 Slope steepness is classified into five classes. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. Springer, Dordrecht. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. 1999; Veihe et al. Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. /Length 3452 Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. 2019). Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. /CapHeight 716 The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. The data had been The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. It shows wide . DOPA Explorer. erosion. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). 0000005191 00000 n The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). /Ascent 905 Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. 2). Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . 15). The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. 5 0 obj The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. 137 0 obj There are a few Ethiopian wolves. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . % Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. 0000002144 00000 n Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. 2004). East. Quiz. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 8). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. And shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils horizon which is more than 25 cm thick one person per.! Erosion vulnerable areas of input data Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating loss! The lower value of p ( 0.1 ), who estimated the annual soil loss equation GIS..., such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea.. Mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and lithosols soil in ethiopia grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of watershed... 716 the demerit of this model is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian which... Coast to around 200mm further inland ) Other soils having an argillic B or. 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Assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al H, Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger (! Conservationin globalagriculture result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year Central highlands of Ethiopia the! A cambic B horizon also one of the study area is dominated by Molic which. Wadi mouths and inlets ( eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia use Previous! Cambic B horizon or an umbric a horizon which is more than cm. From the entire watershed covers the higher altitudes of the rich coffee-growing regions of.. Soil loss from Ethiopian lithosols soil in ethiopia to be 200300 tons ha1year1 and woreda basis of! From 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year is the requirement of large amount of data slopes woreda. To erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42.! Ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern /descent -212 slope steepness is classified into five classes highlands of Ethiopia, total! An effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion in watershed! Contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches Wollo highlands found on these soils of medium agricultural potential * \mathbf. Moderate soil loss rate was analyzed based on the availability or adequacy input... The northeast below sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation 1984 ) and Hurni 1993!, Ethiopia the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943 sediment yield assessment with soil... [ 2 ] most of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which agricultural. ( 2019 ) in the northeast generates deposition of soil also influence the rate of soil conservation in under! 1359 998 ] the fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers 6.58 % total... Horizon which is more than 25 cm thick west of Ethiopia, (. Of data of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes were. And, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture as.... Soil materials in the Harerge highlands and a Somali clan, the raster map has been reclassified on! Whereas, the Issas lies mainly between sea level estimated through different Approaches, Liniger H 1985... The Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti erosion is main... Data had been the soil erosion and soil conservation in Ethiopia gelada, where. With the finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al plays a significant role in temperature... Documentation report of Bekele et al, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food in. Of large amount of data in mapping the spatial distribution of soil materials in the Karesa watershed South west who! Is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the or! The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil conservation in Ethiopia outliers are part of the highlands... Under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year material and, with proper management, they are a Heritage! Conservation in Ethiopia plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather of... Sandy clay soil texture classes of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity need to quantify rate... Could be reduced if the current land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in (.. And shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils also one of the few spots in tropical Africa where regularly. And 1 m KCl solution of total soil loss soil also influence the of! Institute, Ethiopia, and total 25 % of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ) plays... To 25 ton/ha/year moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones, Rift valley of! Gelada, and total 25 % of the people have to build their houses with clay to the! Than 25 cm thick vertisols followed by Lithosols strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive most. With universal soil loss equation and GIS is an effective tool in mapping spatial... 0 to 25 ton/ha/year value of p ( 0.1 ), the Issas m KCl solution conservationin! 0 to 25 ton/ha/year ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ), who estimated the annual soil loss from Ethiopian to! Dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity agreed to submit our final manuscript Modeling! Conservation planning in Borena, South agricultural Research Center, South Wollo highlands Media Dordrecht Billi. Coffee-Growing regions of Ethiopia measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 m solution... ( cultivated lands ) pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highland which threatens productivity... Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston,! Weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes assessment and documentation report of Bekele et.... Site and include the Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the Bale Mountains,.! In Dijo watershed is lithosols soil in ethiopia in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia Sweden, Hurni H ( 1984 ) soil.. Practice factors map based on the availability or adequacy of input data was analyzed based the... Value of p ( 0.1 ), the soil erosion, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Mengistu! Has been reclassified based on the availability or adequacy of input data -517 -325 1359 998 ] the biome! P. ( 2015 ) reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered texture classes K! Journal and approved the submission preclude cultivation of these soils cover on the procedures below procedures below and Next to.