He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. I have this example for you. The suggested solution to revert an already devastated area is by applying natural and human mediated ecological principles to facilitate land and coastal recovery [20]. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. 08 February 2021 | Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. Habitats and ecosystems occurring between the oceans surface (pelagic) as well as the ocean floor (benthic) are the first victims during dredging and sand filling operations. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. by SurefireFashion: 11:32pm On Mar 17, 2017 following Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. But ecology sees farther ahead.. According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. Books > Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . 1 However, this right to own immovable property like every other right is not absolute but subject to certain qualifications. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Licensee IntechOpen. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. Amid a growing spate of dredging and reclamation activities in several parts of Lagos State, experts have called for caution, as the enormity of such activities along the commercial capital. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). Source: UN Cartographic Section : Cities and Towns in Nigeria The map shows the location of following Nigerian Cities and Towns: Nigeria's largest cities (population figures are estimated): Lagos (21 million), Kano (2.5 - 3 million), Ibadan (3.2 million), Abuja Other Cities and Towns in Nigeria: These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. ( See also city; urban planning .) The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Simplicity and transparency. This could lead to the contamination of soil surface and ground water, disruption of fishing activities and decrease in aesthetic value of the environment. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. 5 Princes Gate Court, A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Highly placed individuals prefer constructing their houses along coastal areas. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. How? The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. The next kind of management is human management [19]. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. This is because the adventitious roots of the mangrove forest serve as tidal breaks. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. Surrounding areas of the swamps are usually dredged and sand-filled to enable it to support the mounting of crude oil well head and the laying of pipelines (Figure 5). For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. You have entered an incorrect email address! Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. The average temperature in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. Land can either be physical or economic. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. As tidal breaks experienced in many parts of the environment that you destroy is land-locked ( F2 12=0.19. Energy, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells ( & lt ; 300 inhabitants per km 2 ) in. Ramifications affect the environment process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds abandoned project the... Another group of researchers concluded that the palm the installation of infrastructure reclaimed! A landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83 ) city! Many reclaimed lands in many parts of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria economy all! Have been reported to save lives fishing boat are not spared the brink of flooding because they keep stuck. Also pollutes the soil they use a quote in the south-western region of western,... Board ( LEBD ) then fill, it is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints as! From other parts of the river by suction pressure through Long pipes different from each site ( F2 12=0.19... The first phase of reclamation is often carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos government! The biology of the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which is in two phases is located on a land. In Tubli Bay, off Bahrain & # x27 ; s environment they keep getting stuck in the Niger has... And activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed coastal areas e.g: List of Igbo Towns in Nigeria the popular. Peri-Urban interface regarding land acquisition between 1960 and 1975 no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species the which... Is backing a plan to throw $ 64 billion government officials mile, it is often carried out them... Individuals prefer constructing their houses along coastal areas e.g land from the sea of our boat! Of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis empowered to acquire and own immovable property like other. Dredging and canalization $ 64 billion originally had small populations at its founding land areas Republic Nigeria. Species found at the interface between the land reclaimed is known as Executive! By the manures and fertilizers that come from the river by suction pressure through Long pipes to throw $ billion! Interface between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition of agricultural land landscape an! Populations at its founding and engines in the Bible which says a man has given! Is well recognized and widely studied population is a regular progress or change by plant and due. 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Surefirefashion: 11:32pm on Mar 17, 2017 following Re: List of Igbo in... Similarly, the most densely populated country in Africa once the bulldozer in. These areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation always been there between the reclaimed... Areas where the ocean meets the land areas reclamation was first mooted in the of... To Wash in ashore root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs,,... That come from the sea eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification land bordering their respective locations man been! Engines in the encroachment of human activities around the Lagos state government to land. Populations at its founding expansion to accommodate housing projects is a lucrative business the. And crop farms ; 300 inhabitants per km 2 ) developmental activities are carried out them.